Prevalence of Coccidiosis in Poultry Raises Extensive Farm System Hargeisa District, Somaliland

Mushtak Mohamoud Cisman¹, Zainab Abdi Ahmed¹, Hoodo Ali Mohamoud¹, Abdulrazak Tahir Awale¹ & Hamze Suleiman Nour, H.^1,2*

¹Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science, Hargeisa University, Hargeisa, Somaliland
²Department of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Ethiopia

*Correspondence to: Dr. Hamze Suleiman Nour, H., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Hargeisa University, Hargeisa, Somaliland & Department of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Ethiopia.

Copyright © 2021 Dr. Hamze Suleiman Nour, H., et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction
The poultry industry has great effects for enteric diseases that concern loss in production in addition the enteric diseases cause high mortality and have negative impact the welfare of the animal as well as the chickens, also, increased risk of transmission of the diseases through poultry products and through human for consumption of poultry products that contaminated and increased risk of human through zoonotic diseases. The protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria is enteric parasite disease that caused by multiple species of avian coccidiosis. The avian coccidiosis is one the most common enteric disease and cause huge economic loss of poultry worldwide and most important disease of the chickens [1,2].

The coccidiosis on avian causes huge economic loss and impact of industry of the poultry worldwide [3] the coccidiosis has significance loss of parameters of production and cost in terms of treatment and prevention of this enteric disease. Shirley et al. (2005) [2]. The genus of Eimeria is single-celled protozoan parasites which are commonly referred to as coccidian and is important of the disease [4]. The clinical disease manifested when infected host species by malabsorption, intestinal hemorrhage, diarrhea, reduction of body weight gain, the feed utilized were insufficient, this leads impaired growth rate in broilers and caused reduction egg production in chicken layers [5,6].

The India of poultry industry hampered by various factors by various poultry disease, the coccidian disease was main concern declined growth of poultry industry, this various parasitic disease is concern coccidiosis and important related in poultry sector, and located intestinal mucosa by multiple species of parasites of the genus Eimeria and multiplies the intestinal mucosa of poultry which resides of intestinal mucosa. Hadipour et al. (2011) [7]. There is very little information that published and available in coccidiosis in Jammu and Kashmir and is prevalent widely. India, Jammu region there is various prevalence of coccidiosis, the management styles of Jammu and Kashmir state their managment different under management conditions styles India, Hadipour et al. (2011) [7].

Tunisia, the coccidiosis is a common for free range chickens and is enteric important disease commercial in Tunisia. Vaccination is measurements on chemoprevention and increase immune status and prevention of the diseases, a prevention also, based on the hygienic measure of this diseases. The prevention measures reduce mortality and morbidity as well as the disease is characterized high mortality and morbidity for reduction feed intake and altered (feed conversion), also reduce body weight and performances of production of the poultry. Coccidiosis is major disease that cause mortality in birds particularly in free-range flocks, this coccidiosis disease no preventive measures because they raise in free range system. In Tunisia is no clear how much loss in their economy toward poultry industry in Tunisia, not yet know the role of the coccidiosis in economy of the country, in contrast there is scientific studies published in coccidiosis in free range chickens, in their epidemiological distribution in coccidiosis in chicken with free range systems in Tunisia, Kaboudi et al. (2016) [8].

16.2 billion has been estimated worldwide in the population, while 71.6% of this population in poultry industry has been raised in developing country, this poultry distributed worldwide produce annually meat and eggs, 67, 718, 544 metric tons, 57, 861, 747 metric tons of chicken meat and hen eggs respectively [9]. Over 70% of poultry products contributes in the village chickens in Africa, and the animal protein intake was 20% in the village chickens in Africa. Over 75% of the households keeps indigenous chickens in East Africa, while over 80% of its population live in rural areas and raised chickens, though Ethiopia is similar situation in East Africa [10].

The poultry population has been increased from 2.039 million in 2003 to 3.48 million in 2007, and there is no more exception in Jammu and Kashmir state (Livestock Census, 2007). In Tunisia the poultry sector has a vital role in their economy by increase income of households and creation of employment for generation, in addition poultry is source of protein in Tunisia, Kaboudi et al. (2016) [8].

The types of chickens found in Ethiopia with native chickens include non-descriptive breed, hybrid of chickens and exotic breed of chickens, in Ethiopia they have large of population of chickens and can be estimated to be 48.89 million, these chickens mainly kept in urban representing 96.6% and peri-urban areas representing 0.55% and 2.8% according [11]. According methods raised in chicken from the total population of chicken in Ethiopia were 99% raised in traditional back yard method in the management systems of the poultry in Ethiopia while remaining 1% of population raised under intensive management system. Tadelle et al. (2003) [12].

The people prefer from raising chicken than other animal, in their production have given an opportunity for feeding and their fast-growing human population and they provide rapid retain and is source of income for poor farmers and households [13]. In addition, poultry considered as chief source of income and food, also cheaper protein from animal origin as well as is source of high-quality human food and health, Jordal et al. (2002) [14].

Three types of poultry production systems are identified in Ethiopia [15]. The identified poultry production system includes small scale, large-scale and backyard poultry production system, the purpose of this chicken reared farmers to get opportunities with egg and meat production and productivity in all production systems to generate income and home consumption [16]. The production methods include small scale poultry production system, commercial poultry production systems, large scale poultry production and village or backyard poultry production system, Most poultry raising way is traditional kept in village production systems are exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens, the most studies on epidemiological have not focused whole pathogens influenced int the poultry production instead of study of single organism and infection [17,18].

There is no previous studies and report that did not published about the production systems in Somaliland, there is studies related in the prevalence of coccidiosis and their impact of the production of poultry, and local householders of small village backyard of local chickens in Somaliland. The main objective of this study is to investigate prevalence of coccidiosis in local chicken under extensive system and risk factors.

Methods and Materials
The present study was conducted in three purposively selected. The study population consists of poultry kept under both intensive and semi-tensive management system in three purposively selected districts in Hargeisa.

The present study was conducted by a cross-sectional from my 2016-Augost 2017 to investigate the prevalence of poultry Coccidiosis among the local poultry kept under intensive and semi-intensive management system in and around Hargeisa and to investigate the potential risk factors associated the occurrence of the disease in the study area. By using simple random sampling methods and 95% confidence interval with required 5% precision, Fecal samples were collected from poultry. The screened floatation methods. The data entering with Microsoft excel 2010 the SPSS software version 20. This present study descriptive statistics was summarized analyzed in Chi-square test to determine and assess the prevalence of coccidiosis in poultry to find there is statistically significance in other word is there is relationship and no relationship or difference in poultry coccidiosis infection according risk factors such as management systems, age, sex and so on.

Results
The Prevalence of Coccidiosis Out of 100 chicken examined 23 were positive. The prevalence of coccidiosis by age group of young and adult poultry was recorded as 20% and 19.8%, respectively and there is no statistical significance difference in prevalence of the disease between age groups (Table 2) (p> 0.05) The result that was obtained sex in the local chicken 30% and 70% male and female respectively are shown in (Table 3) and the result revealed statistical significance difference (p> 0.05).

This Table (1), indicate prevalence out 100 local chickens examined 23 positives for coccidia Eimeria, while 77 local chicken were negative of this disease.

This table the gave the prevalence of the Coccidiosis in local breeds in the extensive systems in the Hargeisa, this indicate that less than one year the prevalence of the disease was 61% but the highest peak of the disease or the most affected age of Coccidiosis was the in one year of the age exceeds more than two thirds at 61%. Beyond or the greater than one age the prevalence was decreased 20% and 7%, 7%, respectively. were second 3 months of age, third 2 years of age, 9 months of age. Were the lowest prevalence being 3 years of age. Since this there was no statistical significance of the age.

Table (3), shows that the prevalence according sex, the male of chickens was 30 (30%) local chickens, while 70 (70%) of female of local chickens in this study. And there was statistical significance difference of the sex.

Is the figure 1 & 2 are shown egg that diagnosed the poultry that positive from the Coccidiosis, this eggs that clear under process of egg count procedure as clear above.

This are similar to the one who mentioned above this have tentative diagnosis

This picture are the oocytes of Emeria species that diagnosis of poultry

Discussion
This study investigates the prevalence of coccidiosis in poultry that raises in extensive farm systems in Hargeisa, Somaliland. It also tries to assess the possible risk factor that contribute the occurrence of coccidiosis of poultry in extensive farming systems.

The overall prevalence was 30%. In the present study, was lower than finding of finding of Mwale and Masika (2011) [19] who reported prevalence of 41.43% in Centane district, South Africa; and [20] who reported a prevalence of 38.5% in Kombolcha, Ethiopia. Also, the present study different the finding of [21]. Risk factors such as climatic conditions and differences in management systems within the farms brings variation of the disease and occurrence and prevalence of coccidia infection [21].

The prevalence of coccidiosis was slightly higher in male (54.9%) than female (52.9%) chicken; this difference was not statistically significant which indicates that there was no significant natural resistance variation in relation to sex [21]. The present study indicate is different in the degree of infection, so female was higher 70% than male 30%, also, this present was different in the above study at significance, this present study there is statistically significance in relation to sex.

The prevalence of the age was 86% and 14% of adult and young respectively, the present study was different in the finding [21] who reported young 66.1% higher than adult 43.3%. this finding statistically no significance association of the age [21], this present study has agreement with no statistically significance of the age [22].

Conclusion and Recommendations
Parasitic disease has challenged the production and economy of the world, the coccidiosis is one gastrointestinal of poultry production worldwide and have significance loss of economy. The coccidia was distributed and prevalent in the world and has been studies and reviewed in different finding or studies according different production parameters or methods. The prevalence of this present study was 30% of coccidiosis poultry in local chickens under extensive farming systems in Hargeisa Somaliland. The risk factors that was contribution the significance and the prevalence of coccidiosis in local chickens under extensive farming systems include sex and age important risk factors contribution for occurrence of the coccidiosis in poultry in Hargeisa Somaliland.

Based on the above findings the following recommendations are forwarded:

 To reduce prevalence of coccidiosis in the endemic countries
 Also control, prevention of coccidiosis and hygienic measurement was important to reduce the prevalence of the disease.
 Management procedure to reduce the contamination equipment, fence, feed and others.
 Using ant coccidiosis and to vaccine poultry was possible reduction of coccidiosis.

Acknowledgement
We are great full thank to may all parents that who financial and mentally supported our educations and to implement this study. Also, the researcher greatly indebted thank to tutors of faculty veterinary medicine and staff of University of Hargeisa.

Conflict of Interest Statement
There is no any conflict about this manuscript all authors are accepted.

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